PERSEBARAN ARCA BUDDHA ABAD KE-7-9 MASEHI: HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN KAWASAN AWAL KERAJAAN SRIWIJAYA
Abstract
Pada daerah aliran Sungai Musi dan Batanghari di Sumatera, terdapat sebaran arca-arca Buddha dari abad ke-7 hingga ke-10 Masehi. Berdasarkan karakteristiknya, maka dapat diketahui pengaruh kebudayaan pembuatannya, serta kronologi pembuatannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memahami perkembangan wilayah pengaruh agama Buddha dan kawasan politik dan agama Kerajaan Sriwijaya pada abad ke-7-9 Masehi berdasarkan pengamatan karakteristik arca Buddha. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode seriasi terhadap tipe dan bentuk arca untuk mengetahui pola sebaran situs yang dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan agama Buddha pada masa tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lokasi-lokasi ditemukannya arca-arca Buddha selaras dengan perkembangan kebudayaan dan aktivitas politik masyarakat kerajaan Sriwijaya pada abad ke-7-9 Masehi. Perkembangan tersebut diawali dari hilir daerah aliran Sungai Musi, dan bergerak ke arah hulu daerah aliran Sungai Batanghari. Pada skala makro, tampak pula perkembangan kawasan pengaruh kebudayaannya mulai dari Sumatera bagian selatan ke Jambi, Sumatera bagian barat, dan Aceh.
A number of 7th-9th centuries Buddhist statues are found distributed on the catchment areas of Sungai Musi and Sungai Batanghari, in Sumatera. The characteristics of Buddhist statues may suggest the cultural influence of their manufacture, as well as the technology and chronology. The purpose of this study is to understand the development of the area of influence of Buddhism and the political and religious region of the Sriwijaya Kingdom in the 7th-9th centuries, based on observing the characteristics of Buddha statues. This research was conducted using the seriation method on the type and shape of the statues to determine the distribution patterns of sites that were influenced by the development of Buddhism at that time. The results showed that the locations where the Buddha statues were found were in accord with the cultural developments and political activities of the people of the Sriwijaya kingdom in the 7th-9th centuries. This development began from the downstream regions of the Musi River catchment and moves towards the upstream regions of the Batanghari River catchment. On a macro scale, the regional development of the culture-influenced commenced from southern Sumatra upwards to Jambi, western Sumatra and Aceh.
References
Beals, Samuel. 1883. “Some Remaks Respecting Name Calle d Shi-Li -Fo Shi Ferequenly Named in the Work of Chinese Buddhis It TSing C672.”
Boechari. 1979. “An Old Malay Inscription of Sriwijaya at Palas Pasemah (South Lampung).” Hlm. 18–40 dalam Pra Seminar Penelitian Sriwijaya. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional.
Bosch, FDK. 1961. “An Archaeological Approach to Brahna Problem.” Hlm. 173–98 dalam Selected Studies Indonesian Archaeology.
Brandes, Jan Laurens Andries. 1904. “Toelihcting Op Het Rapport van Den Controleur Der Onderafdeeling Lemaatang Ilir Dan de in Die Streek Aangeroften Oudheden”. NBG 42 Bijlage VI.
Coedes, G. 1930. “les Inscriptions Malaises de Criwijaya” BEFEO 30: 28-80.
Ferdinandus, P. dan Lisa Ekawati. 1995. Penelitian Arkeologi di Museum Mpu Tantular Surabaya. Jakarta.
Guys, John. 2014. “Lost Kingdoms Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia” The Metropolitan Museum of Art: 74–263.
Krom, N. J. 1931. “Antiquities of Palembang’ .” ABIA: 20–33.
Majumdar, RC. 1935. “The Origin Art of Srivijaya.” JISOA 33:75–78.
Miksic, John N. 2016. Ancient Southeast Asia. London: Taylor&Francis Ltd.
Rangkuti, Nurhadi. 2007. “Peradaban Indonesia Kuno” dalam Menelusuri Jejak-jejak Peradaban di Sumatera Selatan. Palembang: Balai Arkeologi Palembang.
Sartono, S. 1979. “Pusat-Pusat Kerajaan Kerajaan Sriwijaya Berdasarkan Interpretasi Paleografi.” Hlm. 43–73 dalam Pra Seminar Penelitian Sriwijaya. Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional.
Schnitger, F. M. 1937. Archaeology of Hindoo Sumatra. Leiden: E.J Brill.
Schnitger, F. M. 1939. Forgotten Kingdom in Sumatra. Leiden: EJ Brill.
Shastri, Hirananda. 1924. “The Nalanda Copper Plate of Devapaladeva.” Ephigraphic Indee 17: 310–27.
Hadiati, Endang Sri. 2010. “Hindu Buddist Iconography in Sumatra.” Aspects of Indonesia Archaelogy 28.
Suhaimi, N. H. 1984. “Art, Archaeology and the Early Kingdom in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatera C 400-1400 AD.” unpublish Phd thesis University of London , London.
Suhaimi, N. H. 1992. “Arkeologi, Seni dan Kerajaan Kuna Sumatera. Selangor”. Ikatan Ahli Arkeologi Malaysia.
Sulaiman, S. 1977. Concise Ancient History of Indonesia (2nd Review). Jakarta: The Archaeological Foundation.
Sulaiman, S. 1979. Sculpture of Ancient Sumatra. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi.
Sulaiman, S. 1981. Scuptiure of Ancient Sumatra. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional.
Utomo, B. B. 2016. Pengaruh Kebudayaan India dalam Bentuk Arca di Sumatera. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor.
Utomo, Bambang Budi. 1994. Situs-Situs Masa Klasik di Wilayah Palembang. Palembang: Pemda TK I Provinsi Sumatera Selatan.
Wolters, OW. 1979. “A Note on Sungsang Village at Estuary of The Musi River in Southeastern Sumatera: A Reconsidation of HIstorical Geography of The Palembang Region.” INDONESIA XXVII: 35–50.
Yamin, M. 1958. Penyelidikan Sejarah tentang Negara Sriwijaya dan Rajakula Syalendra dalam Rangka Kesatuan Ketatanegaraan Indonesia (Vol. 1). Jakarta: Buju Obor.
Copyright (c) 2022 Naditira Widya

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Retained Rights/Terms and Conditions of Publication
 1. As an author you (or your employer or institution) may do the following:
- make copies (print or electronic) of the article for your own personal use, including for your own classroom teaching use;
- make copies and distribute such copies (including through e-mail) of the article to research colleagues, for the personal use by such colleagues (but not commercially or systematically, e.g. via an e-mail list or list server);
- present the article at a meeting or conference and to distribute copies of the article to the delegates attending such meeting;
- for your employer, if the article is a ‘work for hire’, made within the scope of your employment, your employer may use all or part of the information in the article for other intra-company use (e.g. training);
- retain patent and trademark rights and rights to any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the article;
- include the article in full or in part in a thesis or dissertation (provided that this is not to be published commercially);
- use the article or any part thereof in a printed compilation of your works, such as collected writings or lecture notes (subsequent to publication of the article in the journal); and prepare other derivative works, to extend the article into book-length form, or to otherwise re-use portions or excerpts in other works, with full acknowledgement of its original publication in the journal;
- may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the article, material extracted from the article, or derivative works for the author’s personal use or for company use, provided that the source and the copyright notice are indicated, the copies are not used in any way that implies Naditira Widya endorsement of a product or service of any employer, and the copies themselves are not offered for sale.
All copies, print or electronic, or other use of the paper or article must include the appropriate bibliographic citation for the article’s publication in the journal.
2. Requests from third parties
Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the article in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use. Requests for all uses not included above, including the authorization of third parties to reproduce or otherwise use all or part of the article (including figures and tables), should be referred to Naditira Widya by going to our website at http://naditirawidya.kemdikbud.go.id
 3. Author Online Use
- Personal Servers. Authors and/or their employers shall have the right to post the accepted version of articles pre-print version of the article, or revised personal version of the final text of the article (to reflect changes made in the peer review and editing process) on their own personal servers or the servers of their institutions or employers without permission from Naditira Widya, provided that the posted version includes a prominently displayed Naditira Widya copyright notice and, when published, a full citation to the original publication, including a link to the article abstract in the journal homepage. Authors shall not post the final, published versions of their papers;
- Classroom or Internal Training Use. An author is expressly permitted to post any portion of the accepted version of his/her own articles on the author’s personal web site or the servers of the author’s institution or company in connection with the author’s teaching, training, or work responsibilities, provided that the appropriate copyright, credit, and reuse notices appear prominently with the posted material. Examples of permitted uses are lecture materials, course packs, e-reserves, conference presentations, or in-house training courses;
- Electronic Preprints. Before submitting an article to an Naditira Widya, authors frequently post their manuscripts to their own web site, their employer’s site, or to another server that invites constructive comment from colleagues. Upon submission of an article to Naditira Widya, an author is required to transfer copyright in the article to Naditira Widya, and the author must update any previously posted version of the article with a prominently displayed Naditira Widya copyright notice. Upon publication of an article by the Naditira Widya, the author must replace any previously posted electronic versions of the article with either (1) the full citation to the work with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or link to the article abstract in Naditira Widya homepage, or (2) the accepted version only (not the final, published version), including the Naditira Widya copyright notice and full citation, with a link to the final, published article in journal homepage.
4. Articles in Press (AiP) service
Naditira Widya may choose to publish an abstract or portions of the paper before we publish it in the journal. Please contact our Production department immediately if you do not want us to make any such prior publication for any reason, including disclosure of a patentable invention.
5. Author/Employer Rights
If you are employed and prepared the article on a subject within the scope of your employment, the copyright in the article belongs to your employer as a work-for-hire. In that case, Naditira Widya assumes that when you sign this Form, you are authorized to do so by your employer and that your employer has consented to the transfer of copyright, to the representation and warranty of publication rights, and to all other terms and conditions of this Form. If such authorization and consent has not been given to you, an authorized representative of your employer should sign this Form as the Author.
 6. Naditira Widya Copyright Ownership
It is the formal policy of Naditira Widya to own the copyrights to all copyrightable material in its technical publications and to the individual contributions contained therein, in order to protect the interests of the Naditira Widya, its authors and their employers, and, at the same time, to facilitate the appropriate re-use of this material by others. Naditira Widya distributes its technical publications throughout the world and does so by various means such as hard copy, microfiche, microfilm, and electronic media. It also abstracts and may translate its publications, and articles contained therein, for inclusion in various compendiums, collective works, databases and similar publications.
Naditira Widya by Balai Arkeologi Kalimantan Selatan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://naditirawidya.kemdikbud.go.id/